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Science & Fun | Home |  Introduction into the 1H NMR Spectroscopy
If you want to solve this problem, you have to clarify two basic questions:
  1. Would you expect to detect coupling between HA and HM, or between HA and HX? Oh yes, you would! In both cases coupling should occur, since HA and HM, as well as HX are not equivalent, and they are separated by only three bonds.
    We would also expect JAM to be larger than JAX, since in the former case the coupling is mediated through a p bond.
  2. Are HM and the HX equivalent to each other?
    Of course, they aren't! They are in very different chemical environments.
We can therefore rephrase the problem as follows:

What is the effect of the coupling between the non-equivalent protons HM, HX and HA in
ClCH = CH - CH2Cl
M   A   X

on the signal of HA?

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